Acne arises when the channel beside the hair follicle becomes clogged with excess sebum, dead skin cells and bacteria—driven by hormonal fluctuations (especially androgens) and genetics.
Certain medications, medical conditions, and lifestyle choices can secondarily lead to inflammation and the formation of comedones, papules, pustules, or nodules.
Treatment depends on severity and can include topical agents (benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, salicylic acid, topical antibiotics), oral medications (antibiotics, hormonal therapies such as combined oral contraceptives or spironolactone, and isotretinoin for severe nodulocystic acne), professional procedures (chemical peels, light and laser therapies, extractions), and consistent skincare habits to reduce oil, unclog pores and manage inflammation; individualized plans yield the best outcomes.